This theory was developed by a German psychologist Erik Erikson. This theory plays a scintillating role of holistic development of children. More than, his theory provides that individual develops during through eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood. Moreover, it deals with overall sense of children. The main purpose of this theory is to attribute self-awareness, adjustment, human development and identify. The following stages are;
Trust vs. mistrust the first stage which starts from birth to one year. In this stage infants receive stability and sustainability by caregivers. It consults that children get care from their parents; they will develop a sense of trust. If this process children do not be cared from caregivers and they would not get full attention that children develop a sense of mistrust and have not confident in the world.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second of stage which begins from (1 to 3 years). It believes that child does something learns independence. He believes that the children develop a sense of personal control, physical skills. They develop self control if they get fail doing something; they will feel shame and doubt. In this stage, children encourage their choice like playing, choosing cloths and toys.
Initiative vs. guilt is the third stag which begins from (3 to 5 years). It is called pre-school stage. This is the initiative of playing and during this age a child starts activities with others. He and she understand the social interaction. They explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities. In fact, guilt makes the child slow to interact with others and initiative always develops the sense of create and start if parents allow them, while the result of failure a sense of guilt.
Industry vs. inferiority is the fourth which occurs during childhood between till twelve years. In this area a child would learn to read, write, draw and anymore and this stage is called school stage. If children will be encouraged and motivated, they will begin to feel industrious and will feel confident to use their abilities to achieve goals in life. During these ages children will not be encouraged than they will initiate to feel inferior and doubtful to complete their purposes.
Identity vs. role confusion is the fifth that happens from (12 to 18) years. During this stage; adolescents search for a sense of self and personal values, beliefs, and goals. Moreover, it expresses from childhood to adulthood is most important and they are being more independent, and they begin to look at the future career, relationships, families, housing, etc. The individual wants to belong to a social content. It is the complete of maturity.
Intimacy vs. isolation is the sixth stage that takes place during the young adulthood between the ages, almost 18 to 48 years. During this stage, the major conflict and leads strong relationship toward longer-term.
Generatively vs. Stagnation is the seventh stage of Erikson’s theory. This stage takes place during the middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65) years. Psychologically, they would be able to solve an issue, they refer to be creativity. During this stage, they may be productive and be part of social communities. Through productive, generative and creativity they develop a sense of big picture in the world.
Ego integrity vs. despair is the last stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial which initiates from 65 years till death. During this stage, the human emphasizes less interaction with society. They ought to be weak mentally as compare to children. They have broken memorization to remember. Lastly, it is called retirement age of an individual.
Attaullah Dashti
Turbat